The evolution of antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer in Helicobacter pylori

Harmful bacteria can exchange resistance genes or receive these genes from the surrounding environments. This process is a primary cause leading to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance in natural habitats and hospitals. Thus, understanding how the genetic exchange between bacteria facilitates the spread of antibiotic resistance allows us to identify new strategies to slow down or prevent antibiotic resistance. This thesis shows antibiotic resistance evolves via the genetic exchange between harmful human bacteria. Furthermore, this thesis explains how resistance is maintained in environments even without antibiotics and suggests new strategies to combat the resistance