Enhancing Accessibility in 3D Model Interaction: Manipulation and Audio Labelling Techniques for People who are Blind or have Low Vision

This thesis investigates the design of interactions with complex 3D models (3DMs) to support access to graphics by people who are blind or have low vision. Specifically, it explores interaction through manipulation of multi-part 3DMs and audio labelling, evaluating their usefulness, efficacy and practicality in three application areas: orientation and mobility, gallery access and education. The work establishes evidence-based design considerations for complex 3DMs and best practices for their use. It contributes to the fields of assistive technologies and human-computer interaction and provides practical guidance to practitioners.